Project:Transgender Intersex & Gender-Diverse: An Encyclopedia, Ff
fa'afāfine
A Samoan gender identity, sexual identity, and/or social role, in which individuals who may have been assigned male at birth (AMAB) are considered to fulfill female gender, sexual, and/or social roles. Traditionally, fa’afāfine engaged primarily in “women’s work” and jobs, and were mostly romantically and sexually being involved with heterosexual men. Fa’afāfine may be gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, or have any of various other culturally-specific identities.
The term fa’afāfine is likely derived from the Samoan term fa’afafine, an adjective meaning “belonging to women”. This term, in turn, is formed from the prefix fa’a (“in the manner of”) and the term fafine (“woman”). Further, note that the term amio fa’afafine has been translated as “effeminate”.
Cognates include the Hawaiian ho’owahine, Māori whakawahine, Niuean fakafifine, Rarotongan ‘akava’ine, and Tongan fakafefine. Related Samoan terms include fa’afatama, fa’atama, and fa’atane.
- “fa’afāfine, s.” in A Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language (1878) Written by George Pratt. Edited by S. J. Whitmee. 2nd Ed. Trübner & Co. p. 157.
- HathiTrust: 100560946
- “hine” in The Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (1891). Written by Edward Tregear. Lyon and Blair, Lambton Quay. p. 71.
- HathiTrust: 001854863
- “fa’afāfine, s.” in A Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, With English and Samoan Vocabulary (1893). Written by George Pratt. 3rd Ed. London Missionary Society. p. 113.
- HathiTrust: 007125040
- “fa’afāfine, s.” in Pratt’s Grammar & Dictionary of the Samoan Language (1911). 4th Ed. Malua Printing Press. p. 86.
- HathiTrust: 007126161
- Schoeffel, Penelope. “Gender, Status and Power in Samoa” (April 1978). Canberra Anthropology. Vol. 1, No. 2. pp. 69-81.
- “Polynesia’s Third Sex: The Gay Life Starts in the Kitchen” (1 August 1978). Pacific Islands Monthly. Vol. 49, No. 8. pp. 10-3.
- “A Legend Reviewed” (1 March 1983). Pacific Islands Monthly. Vol. 54, No. 3. pp. 10-6.
- Poasa, Kris. “The Samoan Fa’afafine: One Case Study and Discussion of Transsexualism” (1992). Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. Vol. 5, No. 3. pp. 39-51. Published online 23 October 2008.
- DOI: 10.1300/J056v05n03_04
- Oliver, Robert. “Response to the Kris Poasa Article: The Samoan Fa’afafine: One Case Study and Discussion of Transsexualism” (1994). Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. Vol. 6, No. 2. pp. 63-6. Published online 23 October 2008.
- DOI: 10.1300/J056v06n02_05
- Poasa, Kris. “Reply to Dr. Robert J. Oliver Regarding The Samoan Fa’afafine Article” (1994). Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. Vol. 6, No. 2. pp. 67-70. Published online 23 October 2008.
- DOI: 10.1300/J056v06n02_06
- “fa’afāfine, n.” in Say It in Samoan (1997). Written by La’i Ulrike Mosel and Ainslie So’o. The Australian National University. p. 149.
- HathiTrust: 003250298
- Altmann, Karin and Heather Croall. Paradise Bent: Boys Will Be Girls in Samoa (1999). Directed by Heather Croall. Produced by Heather Croall, Alison Elder, and Eva Wunderman.
- IMDb: tt0250643
- Wallace, Lee. “Fa’afafine: Queens of Samoa and the Elision of Homosexuality” (1 January 1999). GLQ. Vol. 5, No. 1. pp. 25-39.
- DOI: 10.1215/10642684-5-1-25
- Dolgoy, Reevan. The Search for Recognition and Social Movement Emergence: Towards an Understanding of the Transformation of the Fa’afafine of Samoa (Autumn 2000). University of Alberta. Ph.D. Thesis.
- Schmidt, Johanna. “Redefining Fa’afafine: Western Discourses and the Construction of Transgenderism in Samoa” (August 2001). Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context. No. 6.
- Poasa, Kris H., Ray Blanchard, and Kenneth J. Zucker. “Birth Order in Transgendered Males from Polynesia: A Quantitative Study of Samoan Fa’afāfine” (January – February 2004). Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. Vol. 30, No. 1. pp. 13-23. Published online 17 August 2010.
- DOI: 10.1080/00926230490247110
- PMID: 14660290
- Farran, Sue. “Transsexuals, Fa’afafine, Fakaleiti and Marriage Law in the Pacific: Considerations for the Future” (June 2004). The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Vol. 113, No. 2. pp. 119-42.
- JSTOR: 20707213
- Farran, Sue and Alexander Su’a. “Discriminating on the Grounds of Status: Criminal Law and Fa’afafine and Fakaleiti in the South Pacific” (2005). Journal of South Pacific Law. Vol. 9, No. 1.
- Bartlett, Nancy H. and Paul L. Vasey. “A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa’afafine” (December 2006). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 35, No. 6. pp. 659-66.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1
- Vasey, Paul L., David S. Pocock, and Doug P. VanderLaan. “Kin selection and male androphilia in Samoan fa’afafine” (May 2007). Evolution and Human Behavior. Vol. 28, No. 3. pp. 159-67. Received 30 April 2006. Revised 5 August 2006. Accepted 10 August 2006. Published online 23 October 2006.
- DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.08.004
- Italiano, Mark. “Letter to the Editor: Re: Birth order in transgendered males from Polynesia: a quantitative study of Samoan fa’afāfine” (July – September 2007). Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. Vol. 33, No. 4. pp. 375-6. Published online 31 May 2007.
- DOI: 10.1080/07481180701360862
- PMID: 17541854
- Vanessa. Memoirs of a Samoan, Catholic, and Fa’afafine (27 August 2007). PublishAmerica.
- ISBN-10: 1424191025
- ISBN-13: 9781424191024
- OCLC: 301566592
- Schmidt, Johanna. Migrating Genders: Westernisation, Migration, and Samoan Fa’afafine (2010). Ashgate.
- Google Books: u9WungEACAAJ
- ISBN-10: 1409402738
- ISBN-13: 9781409402732
- Farran, Sue. “Pacific Perspectives: Fa’afafine and Fakaleiti in Samoa and Tonga: People Between Worlds” (May 2010). Liverpool Law Review. Vol. 31, No. 1. pp. 13-28. Published online 28 April 2010.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10991-010-9070-0
- Vasey, Paul L. and Doug P. VanderLaan. “Avuncular Tendencies and the Evolution of Male Androphilia in Samoan Fa’afafine” (August 2010). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 39, No. 4. pp. 821-30. Received 27 February 2008. Revised 24 June 2008. Accepted 24 June 2008. Published online 23 September 2008.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-008-9404-3
- Teake. “Conditional Acceptance: Asserting Fa’afafine Claims to Legitimacy in Samoan Society” (Autumn 2010). S.I.T. Samoa.
- McMullin, Dan Taulapapa. “Fa’afafine Notes: On Tagaloa, Jesus, and Nafanua” (2011). Amerasia Journal. Vol. 37, No. 3. pp. 114-31. Published online 8 February 2019.
- DOI: 10.17953/amer.37.3.96h284334p363432
- Vasey, Paul L., Doug P. VanderLaan, Laura M. Gothreau, and Nancy H. Bartlett. “Traits of Separation Anxiety in Childhood: A Retrospective Study of Samoan Men, Women, and Fa’afafine” (June 2011). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 40, No. 3. pp. 511-7. Received 29 April 2009. Revised 13 November 2009. Accepted 13 November 2009. Published online 15 December 2009.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-009-9589-0
- McFall, Ashleigh. A comparative study of the fa’afafine of Samoan and the whakawahine of Aotearoa/New Zealand (2013). Victoria University of Wellington. M.A. Thesis.
- VanderLaan, Doug P., Deanna L. Forrester, Lanna J. Petterson, and Paul L. Vasey. “The Prevalence of Fa’afafine Relatives Among Samoan Gynephilic Men and Fa’afafine” (April 2013). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 42, No. 3. pp. 353-9. Received 9 August 2011. Revised 21 July 2012. Accepted 4 August 2012. Published online 6 October 2012.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-012-0015-7
- VanderLaan, Doug P. and Paul L. Vasey. “Birth Order and Avuncular Tendencies in Samoan Men and Fa’afafine” (April 2013). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 42, No. 3. pp. 371-9. Received 2 June 2011. Revised 21 August 2012. Accepted 21 August 2012. Published online 15 December 2012.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-012-0039-z.
- Abboud, Patrick. “Fa’afafine: The boys raised to be girls” (26 August 2013). SBS News. SBS.
- Perkins, Roberta. “Like a Lady in Polynesia: The Māhū of Tahiti, the Fa’a Fafine in Samoa, the Fakaleiti in Tonga and More” (September 2013). The Gender Centre Inc. The Gender Centre Inc.
- Dolgoy, Reevan. “‘Hollywood’ and the Emergence of a Fa’afafine Social Movement in Samoa, 1960 –1980” in Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and other Pacific Islanders (2014). Edited by Niko Besnier and Kalissa Alexeyeff. University of Hawai’i Press. pp. 56-72.
- DOI: 10.21313/hawaii/9780824838829.003.0003
- ISBN-10: 0824838823
- ISBN-13: 9780824838829
- JSTOR: j.ctt6wqhsc
- Schoeffel, Penelope. “Representing Fa’afafine: Sex, Socialization, and Gender Identity in Samoa” in Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and other Pacific Islanders (2014). Edited by Niko Besnier and Kalissa Alexeyeff. University of Hawai’i Press. pp. 73-90.
- DOI: 10.21313/hawaii/9780824838829.003.0004
- ISBN-10: 0824838823
- ISBN-13: 9780824838829
- JSTOR: j.ctt6wqhsc
- VanderLaan, Doug P. and Paul L. Vasey. “Evidence of Cognitive Biases for Maximizing Indirect Fitness in Samoan Fa’afafine” (July 2014). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 43, No. 5. pp. 1009-22. Received 13 July 2011. Revised 27 July 2013. Accepted 13 October 2013. Published online 12 March 2014.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0288-0
- Petterson, Lanna J., Barnaby J. Dixson, Anthony C. Little, and Paul L. Vasey. “Viewing Time Measures of Sexual Orientation in Samoan Cisgender Men Who Engage in Sexual Interactions with Fa’afafine” (13 February 2015). PLoS ONE. Vol. 10, No. 2. Article No. e0116529. Received 2 September 2014. Accepted 8 December 2014. Published online 13 February 2015.
- DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116529
- PMCID: PMC4332507
- PMID: 25679961
- Carney, Robert. “The Health Needs of the Fa’afafine in American Samoa and Transgender Research Methodology” (15 May 2015). The Journal of Global Health. Vol. 5, No. 1. pp. 38-43.
- Tan, Yvette. “Miss Fa’afafine: Behind Samoa’s ‘third gender’ beauty pageant” (1 September 2016). BBC News. BBC.
- Sumeo, Saunoamaali’i Karanina. Land rights and empowerment of urban women, fa’afafine and fakaleitī (2017). Auckland University of Technology. Ph.D. Thesis.
- Semenyna, Scott W., Lanna J. Petterson, Doug P. VanderLaan, and Paul L. Vasey. “A Comparison of the Reproductive Output Among the Relatives of Samoan Androphilic Fa’afafine and Gynephilic Men” (January 2017). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 46, No. 1. pp. 87-93. Received 4 November 2015. Revised 22 April 2016. Accepted 26 April 2016. Published online 26 October 2016.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0765-8
- VanderLaan, Doug P., Lanna J. Petterson, and Paul L. Vasey. “Elevated Kin-Directed Altruism Emerges in Childhood and Is Linked to Feminine Gender Expression in Samoan Fa’afafine: A Retrospective Study” (January 2017). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 46, No. 1. pp. 95-108. Received 27 May 2016. Revised 15 October 2016. Accepted 17 October 2016. Published online 16 December 2016.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0884-2
- Soloi, Seia. “Fa’afafine want fair and inclusive reporting” (31 March 2017). Samoa Observer. Samoa Observer.
- Thompson, Pausa Kaio. “Saili le tofa: A Search for New Wisdom”: Sexuality and Fa’afafine in the Samoan Context (4 May 2017). Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. M.A. Thesis.
- DOI: 10.7916/D88D02K3
- Feagaimaali’i-Luamanu, Joyetter. “Report delves into men and fa’afafine sex antics” (13 May 2017). Samoa Observer. Samoa Observer.
- McFall, Ashleigh. “‘When did you first know you were a fa’afafine?’” (14 October 2018). E-Tangata. E-Tangata.
- “Stories from Samoan queer life” (21 February 2019). RNZ. Radio New Zealand.
- Barrett, Jonathan. “Samoa’s ‘third gender’ delicately balances sex and religion” (30 July 2019). Reuters. Reuters.
- Weedon, Alan. “Fa’afafine, fakaleitī, fakafifine — understanding the Pacific's alternative gender expressions” (30 August 2019). ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- Lu, Amao Leota. “Fa’afafine: All Hail the Queen (Samoan Sashay)” (5 September 2019). Archer Magazine. Archer Magazine.
- Petterson, Lanna J., Barnaby J. Dixson, Anthony C. Little, and Paul L. Vasey. “Heterogeneity in the Sexual Orientations of Men Who Have Sex with Fa'afafine in Samoa” (February 2020). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 49, No. 2. pp. 517-29. Published online 3 February 2020.
- DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01646-6
- PMID: 32016813
- Rana, Vinisha and Kimberly F. Balsam. “Fa’afafines” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 245-7.
- Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ
- ISBN-10: 1544393814
- ISBN-13: 9781544393810
- Schmidt, Johanna. “Gender Diversity” (4 May 2021). Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Government.
- Samuels, A. J. “Fa’afafines and Fa’afatamas: the Four Genders in Samoa” (5 May 2021). Culture Trip. The Culture Trip Ltd.
fa’afatama Luamanu, Joyetter. “Fa’afatama gathering first of its kind in Samoa” (31 October 2017). Samoa Observer. Samoa Observer. Power, Shannon. “Historic gathering brings together Samoa’s fa’afatama men” (6 November 2017). Gay Star News. Samuels, A. J. “Fa’afafines and Fa’afatamas: the Four Genders in Samoa” (5 May 2021). Culture Trip. The Culture Trip Ltd. fa’atama Mead, Margaret. From the South Seas: Studies of Adolescence and Sex in Primitive Societies (1939). Morrow. Google Books: -Ra1AAAAIAAJ “A Legend Reviewed” (1 March 1983). Pacific Islands Monthly. Vol. 54, No. 3. pp. 10-6. fa’atane “Stories from Samoan queer life” (21 February 2019). RNZ. Radio New Zealand. Fabrin, Asker Facce, Iconic (1981/1982 – ) Bonvillian, Crystal. “Serial bank robber Iconic Facce guilty of Mississippi heist to pay for cosmetic surgery” (13 May 2021). FOX23 News. Cox Media Group. Smith, Jennifer. “She should have put it on the plastic! Transgender woman who calls herself ‘Iconic Facce’ is jailed for 15 years for robbing Mississippi bank of $4,800 to pay for Mexican cosmetic surgery” (12 May 2021). Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Holmes, Juwan J. “Trans woman busted for bank robbery after she uses cash to pay for plastic surgery” (17 May 2021). LGBTQ Nation. LGBTQ Nation. face, in The Lady Chablis and Theodore Bouloukos. Hiding My Candy (1997). Simon and Schuster. p. 171. [Defines “in face/outta face” as referring to being “[i]n drag/outta drag; your face is y’makeup.”] Google Books: vUz03VuVhiUC ISBN-10: 0671520954 ISBN-13: 9780671520953 face, out of Also outta face. The Lady Chablis and Theodore Bouloukos. Hiding My Candy (1997). Simon and Schuster. p. 171. [Defines “in face/outta face” as referring to being “[i]n drag/outta drag; your face is y’makeup.”] Google Books: vUz03VuVhiUC ISBN-10: 0671520954 ISBN-13: 9780671520953 facial feminization surgery Use only when more specific surgeries are not specified. See also: facial masculinization surgery. … for intersex people … for trans people … for trans women Ousterhout, Douglas K. “Feminization of the forehead: contour changing to improve female aesthetics” (May 1987). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol. 79, No. 5. pp. 701-13. DOI: 10.1097/00006534-198705000-00003 PMID: 3575517 Habal, Mutaz. “Aesthetics of feminizing the male face by craniofacial contouring of the facial bones” (December 1990). Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Vol. 14, No. 1. pp. 143-50. Springer-Verlag. DOI: 10.1007/BF01578340 PMID: 2333811 Becking, Alfred G., D. Bram Tuinzing, J. Joris Hage, and Louis J.G. Gooren. “Facial corrections in male to female transsexuals: a preliminary report on 16 patients” (April 1996). Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Vol. 54, No. 4. pp. 413-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0278-2391(96)90111-1 PMID: 8600257 Becking, Alfred G., D. Bram Tuinzing, J. Joris Hage, and Louis J.G. Gooren. “Transgender Feminization of the Facial Skeleton” (July 2007). Clinics in Plastic Surgery. Vol. 34, No. 3. pp. 557-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2007.04.009 PMID: 17692711 Spiegel, Jeffrey H. “Challenges in care of the transgender patient seeking facial feminization surgery” (May 2008). Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. Vol. 16, No. 2. pp. 233-8. Published online 18 March 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2007.11.011 PMID: 18355710 Ainsworth, Tiffiny A. and Jeffrey H. Spiegel. “Quality of life of individuals with and without facial feminization surgery or gender reassignment surgery” (September 2010). Quality of Life Research. Vol. 19, No. 7. pp. 1019-24. Accepted 19 April 2010. Published online 12 May 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-010-9668-7 PMID: 20461468 Altman, K. “Facial feminization surgery: current state of the art” (August 2012). International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Vol. 41, No. 8. pp. 885-94. Published online 8 June 2012. Accepted 26 April 2012. Elsevier Ltd. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2012.04.024 PMID: 22682235 Plemons, Eric D. “Description of sex difference as prescription for sex Change: On the origins of facial feminization surgery” (October 2014). Social Studies of Science. Vol. 44, No. 5. pp. 657-79. Sage Publications, Ltd. JSTOR: 43284244 Morrison, Shane, Krishna Vyas, Saba Motakef, Katherine Gast, Michael Chung, Vania Rashidi, Thomas Satterwhite, William Kuzon, and Paul Cederna. “Facial Feminization: Systematic Review of the Literature” (1 June 2016). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol. 137, No. 6. pp. 1759-70. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000002171 PMID: 27219232 Plemons, Eric. “Formations of Femininity: Science and Aesthetics in Facial Feminization Surgery” (2017). Medical Anthropology. Vol. 36, No. 7. pp. 629-41. Published online 28 March 2017. DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2017.1298593 Bellinga, Raúl J. Bellinga, Luis Capitán, Daniel Simon, and Thiago Tenório. “Technical and Clinical Considerations for Facial Feminization Surgery With Rhinoplasty and Related Procedures” (May 2017). JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery. Vol. 19, No. 3. pp. 175-81. Published online 15 December 2016. DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2016.1572 PMCID: PMC5815130 PMID: 27978554 Muoio, Dave. “Transgender Patients: Calculating the Actual Cost” (September 2017). Population Health Learning Network. [Ruben Hopwood estimates facial feminization surgery costs as between $3,000 and $40,000 USD, depending on the procedures involved.] Deschamps-Braly, Jordan C. “Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery: Facial Feminization Surgery and Facial Masculinization Surgery” (July 2018). Clinics in Plastic Surgery. Vol. 45, No. 3. pp. 323-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2018.03.005 PMID: 29908620 Deschamps-Braly, Jordan and Douglas K. Ousterhout. Facial Feminization Surgery: A Road Map for Gender Transitioning (2021). 2nd Ed. Addicus Books. Google Books: -slRzQEACAAJ ISBN-13: 9781950091393 Boskey, Elizabeth R. and Pamela Klein. “Gender-Affirming Surgeries: Women” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. p. 337. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 facial masculinization surgery Use only when more specific surgeries are not specified. … for intersex people … for trans people … for trans men Deschamps-Braly, Jordan C. “Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery: Facial Feminization Surgery and Facial Masculinization Surgery” (July 2018). Clinics in Plastic Surgery. Vol. 45, No. 3. pp. 323-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2018.03.005 PMID: 29908620 Deschamps-Braly, Jordan C. “Approach to Feminization Surgery and Facial Masculinization Surgery: Aesthetic Goals and Principles of Management” (July 2019). The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. Vol. 30, No. 5. pp. 1352-8. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000005391 PMID: 31299721 Sayegh, Farah, David C. Ludwig, Mona Ascha, Krishna Vyas, Afaaf Shakir, Jeffrey W. Kwong, Marco Swanson, Morgan W. Evans, James Gatherwright, and Shane D. Morrison. “Facial Masculinization Surgery and its Role in the Treatment of Gender Dysphoria” (July 2019). The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. Vol. 30, No. 5. pp. 1339-46. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000005101 PMID: 31299718 factory equipped “factory equipped” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 117. [Defines ‘factory equipped’ as “a biological male (as opposed to a f-t-m transsexual). Also bio boy, gen man.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 fag drag “fag drag” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 118. [Defines ‘fag drag’ as “a drag king who sometimes performs a gay male identity.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 fairy Scott, Colin A. “Sex and Art” (January 1896). The American Journal of Psychology. Vol. 7, No. 2. pp. 153-226. [Notes “[i]nversion, or contrary sexual sensation, is a perversion which crosses all of the previous classes, but among the published cases at least, leans more to the passive of Masochistic form. This coincides with what is known of the peculiar societies of inverts. Coffee-clatches, where the members dress themselves with aprons, etc., and knit, gossip and crochet; balls, where men adopt the ladies’ evening dress, are well known in Europe. ‘The Fairies’ of New York are said to be a similar secret organization.”] Ellis, Havelock. Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1915). Vol. 2. 3rd Ed. F. A. Davis. pp. 299-300. [Discusses that “[t]he favorite color among normal women, and indeed very often among normal men, though here not so often as blue, is red, and it is notable that in recent years there has been a fashion for a red tie to be adopted by inverts as their badge. This is especially marked among the ‘fairies’ (as a fellator is there termed) in New York. ‘It is red,’ writes an American correspondent, himself inverted, ‘that has become almost a synonym for sexual inversion, not only in the minds of inverts themselves, but in the popular mind…’”] Google Books: F50RAAAAYAAJ Lind, Earl. Autobiography of an Androgyne (1919). Edited by Alfred W. Herzog. The Medico-Legal Journal. [Ralph Werther notes a likely folk etymology for the term “fairie”: “[t]he term ‘fairie’ is widely used in the United States by those who are in touch with the underworld. It probably originated on sailing vessels of olden times when voyages lasted for months. While the crew was either actually or prospectively suffering acutely from the absence of the female of the species, one of their number would unexpectedly betray an inclination to supply her place. Looked upon as a fairy gift or godsend, such an individual would be referred to as ‘the fairy.’”] Lichtenstein, Perry M. “The ‘Fairy’ and the Lady Lover” (August 1921). Medical Review of Reviews. Vol. 27, No. 8. pp. 369-74. “The ‘Fairy’ or ‘Fag’” (November 1921). The Urologic and Cutaneous Review. Vol. 25, No. 11. pp. 685-6. Werther, Ralph. “A Fairie’s Reply to Dr Lichtenstein” (November 1921). Medical Review of Reviews. Vol. 27, No. 11. pp. 539-42. Werther, Ralph. “A Fairie’s Reply to Dr. Lichtenstein” (November 1921). Edited by Thomas W. Ross. The Medico. Vol. 2, No. 6. pp. 25-30. Reprint. Legman, Gershon. “The Language of Homosexuality: An American Glossary” in Sex Variants (1941). Vol. 2. Edited by George W. Henry. P. B. Hoeber, Incorporated. p. 1165. [Gives ‘fairy’ the following definition: “[a] male homosexual; the term most commonly used in America. Also used adjectivally, as ‘a fairy joint’.”] Google Books: DqWGAAAAIAAJ “fairy” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 118. [Defines ‘fairy’ as “twentieth century pejorative slang for an effeminate gay man… Fairy was reclaimed in the late twentieth century as radical faerie, to denote gay men who refuse to take traditional masculine roles. Can also be used to refer to femme transvestites who wear fairy-like clothing.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 fairy godmother “fairy godmother” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 118. [Defines ‘fairy godmother’ as “a mythical role model alluded to by drag queens” and as “an older, more experienced drag queen.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 fairy hawk fairy house fairy lady fairy resort fairy-shaking fairy’s phonebooth fairy’s wand fakafāfine Pittman, Cathay Ann. Effects of Treatment Interventions on Self-Concept during Transsexual Transitions (April 2008). University of Calgary. Ph.D. Thesis. p. 13. [Uses the rare spelling ‘faka fafini’ and refers to such individuals as being “of Polynesia”.] … of Niue See fiafifine. … of the Solomon Islands … of Tokelau … of Tonga Gifford, Edward Winslow. Tongan Society (1929). Bernice P. Bishop Museum. HathiTrust: James, Kerry E. “Effeminate Males and Changes in the Construction of Gender in Tonga” (June 1994). Pacific Studies. Vol. 17, No. 2. pp. 39-69. Morton, Helen. Becoming Tongan: An Ethnography of Childhood (1 August 1996). University of Hawai’i Press. Google Books: pQmzbFsvynoC ISBN-10: 0824817958 ISBN-13: 9780824817954 … of Tuvalu “fafine.” in A Nanumea Lexicon (1980). Australian National University. p. 12. HathiTrust: 000158209 ISBN-10: 0858832275 ISBN-13: 9780858832275 … of Wallis and Futuna Marmouch, Maroa. “Migration, urbanization and increasing of Wallisian transgenders in Nouméa city” (2017). Journal de la Société des Océanistes. Vol. 144-5. No. 1. pp. 185-94. fakaleitī “Polynesia’s Third Sex: The Gay Life Starts in the Kitchen” (1 August 1978). Pacific Islands Monthly. Vol. 49, No. 8. pp. 10-3. James, Kerry E. “Effeminate Males and Changes in the Construction of Gender in Tonga” (June 1994). Pacific Studies. Vol. 17, No. 2. pp. 39-69. Morton, Helen. Becoming Tongan: An Ethnography of Childhood (1 August 1996). University of Hawai’i Press. Google Books: pQmzbFsvynoC ISBN-10: 0824817958 ISBN-13: 9780824817954 Farran, Sue. “Transsexuals, Fa’afafine, Fakaleiti and Marriage Law in the Pacific: Considerations for the Future” (June 2004). The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Vol. 113, No. 2. pp. 119-42. JSTOR: 20707213 Farran, Sue and Alexander Su’a. “Discriminating on the Grounds of Status: Criminal Law and Fa’afafine and Fakaleiti in the South Pacific” (2005). Journal of South Pacific Law. Vol. 9, No. 1. Farran, Sue. “Pacific Perspectives: Fa’afafine and Fakaleiti in Samoa and Tonga: People Between Worlds” (May 2010). Liverpool Law Review. Vol. 31, No. 1. pp. 13-28. Published online 28 April 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s10991-010-9070-0 Good, Mary K. “The Fokisi and the Fakaleitī” in Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and other Pacific Islanders (2014). Edited by Niko Besnier and Kalissa Alexeyeff. University of Hawai’i Press. pp. 213-40. DOI: 10.21313/hawaii/9780824838829.003.0010 ISBN-10: 0824838823 ISBN-13: 9780824838829 JSTOR: j.ctt6wqhsc Sumeo, Saunoamaali’i Karanina. Land rights and empowerment of urban women, fa’afafine and fakaleitī (2017). Auckland University of Technology. Ph.D. Thesis. Weedon, Alan. “Fa’afafine, fakaleitī, fakafifine — understanding the Pacific's alternative gender expressions” (30 August 2019). ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Schmidt, Johanna. “Gender Diversity” (4 May 2021). Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Government. Falleni, Eugene (25 July 1875 – 10 June 1938) “Woman Masquerading as Man is Charged with Murder” (6 July 1920). The Barrier Miner. p. 2. “Woman Marries Women” (9 July 1920). The Manaro Mercury, and Cooma and Bombala Advertiser. p. 2. “The Man-Woman” (24 July 1920). The Singleton Argus. p. 6. “The Man-Woman” (17 August 1920). The West Australian. p. 4. “The Chatswood Tragedy” (19 August 1920). Moree Gwydir Examiner and General Advertiser. p. 2. “The Man-Woman” (20 August 1920). The Register. p. 6. “Mystery Woman” (20 August 1920). The Argus. p. 7. “Mysterious Man-Woman” (27 August 1920). Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. p. 33. “‘Man-Woman’ on Trial” (6 October 1920). The Brisbane Courier. p. 8. “Man-Woman Trial” (7 October 1920). The Singleton Argus. p. 2. “The Man-Woman” (13 November 1920). The Brisbane Courier. p. 6. “Famous Man-Woman” (20 February 1931). The Singleton Argus. p. 6. “Masqueraded for Years as Man” (13 June 1938). The Examiner. p. 9. “Woman Who Posed as Man” (13 June 1938). The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 7. “Masqueraded as Man for 20 Years” (30 June 1938). The Advertiser. p. 21. Bullough, Vern L. “Transsexualism in history” (September 1975). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 4, No. 5. p. 565. DOI: 10.1007/bf01542134 PMID: 1103789 false hermaphroditism See pseudohermaphroditism. families See also: families, chosen, families, adopted, and families, biological. … of intersex people … of trans people Hoenig, J., J. C. Kenna, and Ann Youd. “Social and Economic Aspects of Transsexualism” (August 1970). British Journal of Psychiatry. Vol. 117, No. 537. pp. 163-72. Published online 29 January 2018. DOI: 10.1192/S0007125000192852 PMID: 5480670 Hoenig, J. and E. Duggan. “Sexual and Other Abnormalities in the Family of a Transsexual” (1974). Psychiatria Clinica. Vol. 7. pp. 334-46. DOI: 10.1159/000283599 PMID: 4469912 Green, Richard. “Family Cooccurrence of ‘Gender Dysphoria’: Ten Sibling or Parent–Child Pairs” (October 2000). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 29, No. 5. pp. 499-507. DOI: 10.1023/a:1001947920872 PMID: 10983252 Trans-kin: A Guide for Family & Friends of Transgender People (2012). Edited by Eleanor A. Hubbard and Cameron T. Whitley. Bolder Press. Google Books: a0rPMgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 148010647X ISBN-13: 9781480106475 Brainer, Amy. “Families: Transnational and Global Perspectives” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 247-9. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 family therapy … for intersex people … for trans people Krieger, Irwin. “Family Therapy, Trans Youth” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 249-51. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 A Fantastic Woman (Spanish: Una mujer fantástica) Farrer, Peter (20 May 1926 – 10 February 2017) See also: Sinclair, Yvonne; Pollack, Maurice. Ekins, Richard. “The work of Peter Farrer: women’s clothes and cross-dressing with a provisional list of novels in which mention of cross-dressing is made, 1901–1951” (1992). Archive News: Bulletin of the Trans-Gender Archive. Vol. 3, No. 1. pp. 3-20. “REVEALED: The secret frills of the Liverpool taxman” (12 October 2015). Confidentials. The Confidentials. “Grayson Perry Outdone: Transformation Exhibits Peter Farrer’s Cross Dressing Wardrobe” (16 October 2015). Artlyst. Artlyst Ltd. homotopiafestival. “Transformation: One Man’s Cross-dressing Wardrobe” (5 November 2015). YouTube. YouTube LLC. Jarvis, Anthea. “Obituary: Peter Farrer” (2017). Costume. Vol. 51, No. 2. pp. 268-71. Published online September 2017. DOI: 10.3366/cost.2017.0040 “Peter Farrer” (22 April 2017). The Times. Times Newspapers Limited. “Obituary: Peter Farrer 20-05-1926 to 10-02-2017” (June 2017). Beaumont. No. 98. Zagria. “Peter Farrer (1926 - 2017) tax inspector, trans historian” (15 June 2018). A Gender Variance Who’s Who. Zagria. faux man “drag king” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 112. [Defines ‘drag king’ as “a lesbian who dresses as a man. Also drag boy, faux man.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 feathery Vivian. “I’m A Trans Woman And I’m Not Interested In Being One of the ‘Good Ones’” (15 May 2013). Autostraddle. The Excitant Group, LLC. [Notes that “[a] trans guy who was too femme was [called] feathery.”] Feinberg, Leslie (1 September 1943 – 15 November 2014) Alwin, Ben Power. “Feinberg, Leslie” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 251-3. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 Feline, Pernille female female faggot “female faggot” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 119. [Defines ‘female faggot’ as “a woman who passes as a man, and also has ‘gay’ relationships with men.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 female female impersonator “female female impersonator” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 119. [Defines ‘female female impersonator’ as “a woman (usually an entertainer) who gives an exaggeratedly feminine performance”.] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 female impersonation See also: drag, female impersonators, male impersonation. “Delayed Manhood and Female Impersonation by Males” (November 1902). The Alienist and Neurologist. Edited by Charles H. Hughes. Vol. 23, No. 4. pp. 488-90. “Female Impersonation” (June 1909). The Medico-Pharmaceutical Critic & Guide. Edited by William J. Robinson. Vol. 12, No. 6. pp. 200-1. Baker, Roger. Drag: A History of Female Impersonation on the Stage (1968). Triton Books. Google Books: a_NkAAAAMAAJ ISBN-10: 0363000143 ISBN-13: 9780363000145 Newton, Esther. Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America (1979). 2nd Ed. University of Chicago Press. Google Books: CjsbAAAAYAAJ ISBN-10: 0226577600 ISBN-13: 9780226577609 Tyler, Carol-Anne. Female Impersonation (24 May 2013). Routledge. Google Books: 6BnYpPA_e5kC ISBN-10: 1135245401 ISBN-13: 9781135245405 female impersonators See also: drag queens, female impersonation, male impersonators. Werther, Ralph. “The Female-Impersonator” (June 1919). Edited by William J. Robinson. The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Vol. 15, No. 6. pp. 241-5. Werther, Ralph. The Female Impersonators (1922). Edited by Alfred W. Herzog. The Medico-Legal Journal. “The Female Impersonator and Perversion” (March 1922). The Urologic and Cutaneous Review. Vol. 26, No. 3. p. 184. “Psychology of the Female Impersonator” (May 1923). The Urologic and Cutaneous Review. Vol. 27, No. 5. pp. 324-5. “Gender Identification and the Female Impersonator” (April 1975). Southern Medical Journal. Vol. 68, No. 4. pp. 459-62. DOI: 10.1097/00007611-197504000-00017 PMID: 1124410 “Appendix A: A Glossary of Transgendered Definitions” (1999). Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. Vol. 10, No. 3-4. pp. 144-5. Published online 16 October 2008. [Define ‘transvestites’ as “men or women who wear clothing usually worn by persons of the opposite gender. Most transvestites are heterosexual, mostly married men, who ‘cross-dress’ in the privacy of their own homes, for sexual or psychological gratification. Transvestites are not to be confused with female impersonators. Female impersonators are men who earn a living by ‘cross-dressing’ and performing in nightclubs.”] DOI: 10.1300/J041v10n03_10 “female impersonator” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 119. [Defines ‘female impersonator’ as “a cabaret performer (usually a gay male) who dresses as a woman, usually a gay icon or diva and dances, sings or mimes in front of an audience.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 Schacht, Steven P. and Lisa Underwood. “The Absolutely Fabulous but Flawlessly Customary World of Female Impersonators” (2004). Journal of Homosexuality. Vol. 46, No. 3-4. pp. 1-17. Published online 22 September 2008. DOI: 10.1300/J082v46n03_01 The Female-Impersonators See also: Werther, Ralph. Smith, M. Hamblin. “Review of The Female-Impersonators, by Ralph Werther (Jennie June)” (April 1923). Journal of Mental Science. Vol. 69, No. 285. pp. 239-41. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.69.285.239 Female-to-Male Transsexualism: Historical, Clinical, and Theoretical Issues Lothstein, Leslie Martin. Female-to-Male Transsexualism: Historical, Clinical, and Theoretical Issues (1 January 1983). Routledge & Kegan Paul. Google Books: 5HI9AAAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0710094760 ISBN-13: 9780710094766 Watson, J. P. “Female-to-Male Transsexualism. Historical, Clinical and Theoretical Issues. By Leslie Martin Lothstein. Henley-on-Thames: Routledge & Kagan Paul. 1983. Pp. 336. £17.95.” (July 1984). p. 104. Published online 29 January 2018. Feminet feminine essence theory See also: anima muliebris in corpore virili inclusa. Howard, William Lee. “Psychical Hermaphroditism: A Few Notes on Sexual Perversion, with Two Clinical Cases of Sexual Inversion” (April 1897). The Alienist and Neurologist. Vol. 18, No. 2. pp. 111-8. Carpenter, Edward. The Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women (1921). M. Kennerley. pp. 19-20. Blanchard, Ray. “Deconstructing the Feminine Essence Narrative” (June 2008). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 37, No. 3. pp. 434-8. femininity … among intersex people … among trans people Hoskin, Rhea Ashley. “Femininities and Femme” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 253-4. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 feminism … in relationship to intersex people … in relationship to trans people See also: transfeminism. Siegel, Derek P. and Madeline C. Stump. “Feminism” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 254-7. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 feminizing genitoplasty This entry is only utilized when the genitoplasty procedure is not specified. It is of note that many people who undergo genitoplasty do not do so as part of a desire to be “feminine” (e.g. such is the case with many butch trans women). “Feminizing” therefore may not be the appropriate term in that case. However, as an alternative has not yet gained traction or been proposed as of yet, the entry is retained for the time being. … for intersex people … for trans people Abraham, Felix. “Genitalumwandlung an zwei männlichen Transvestiten” (1931). Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualpolitik. Vol. 18. pp. 223-6. Pokorny, M. H. and M. Bondy. “Rapport sur un transvestiste qui demandait une opération cosmétique” (1933). Revue neurologique. Vol. 40, No. 2. pp. 701-2. Binder, Hans. “Das Verlangen nach Geschlechtsumwandlung” (December 1933). Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Vol. 143. pp. 84-174. Received 2 October 1932. DOI: 10.1007/BF02866171 … for trans women … for nonbinary people femiphobia See femmephobia. femme as a term Hoskin, Rhea Ashley. “Femininities and Femme” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 253-4. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 femme finishing school “femme finishing school” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 119. [Defines ‘femme finishing school’ as “a place where m-t-f transsexuals, drag queens and transvestites can learn feminine behaviour and abilities.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 femmephobia See also: effeminiphobia; effemimania; sissyphobia. Hoskin, Rhea Ashley. “Femmephobia” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 257-9. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 Fenger, Peter Emil (1817 – ?) Ferguson, Edith (1880s – 1960s) Raynor, Darrell G. A Year Among the Girls (1968). Lancer Books. pp. 105-6. OCLC: 24111318 Meyerowitz, Joanne. How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (2002). Harvard University Press. pp. 180-1. ISBN-10: 0674009258 ISBN-13: 9780674009257 OCLC: 50589461 Zagria. “Edith Ferguson (188? - 196?) female impersonator, instructor.” (28 January 2011). A Gender Variance Who’s Who. Zagria. fertility … in intersex people … in individuals with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis Dumic, Miroslav, Karen Lin-Su, Natasha I. Leibel, Srecko Ciglar, Giovanna Vinci, Ruzica Lasan, Saroj Nimkarn, Jean D. Wilson, Ken McElreavey, and Maria I. New. “Report of Fertility in a Woman with a Predominantly 46,XY Karyotype in a Family with Multiple Disorders of Sexual Development” (1 January 2008). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Vol. 93, No. 1. pp. 182-9. Received 25 September 2007. Accepted 2 November 2007. Published online 13 November 2007. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2155 PMCID: PMC2190741 PMID: 18000096 “Erratum” (1 March 2008). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Vol. 93, No. 3. p. 1083. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.93.3.5571 … in trans people fertility preservation … for intersex people … for trans people Sutter, Megan E., Gwendolyn P. Quinn, and Amy C. Tishelman. “Fertility Preservation” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 259-64. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 fetishization … of intersex people … of trans people … of trans men … of trans women Watson, James. Ambisexuality (2019). Austin Macauley Publishers Limited. Google Books: ZPh8xQEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1528910362 ISBN-13: 9781528910361 Watson, James. Ambisexuality: The Anatomy of Transerotic Desire (2019). Austin Macauley Publishers. Google Books: FjBKyQEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1528959566 ISBN-13: 9781528959568 … of nonbinary people FFS See facial feminization surgery. fiafifine “fifine n.” in Niue Language Dictionary (1 January 1997). Edited by Wolfgang B. Sperlich. University of Hawaii Press. p. 76. [Uses the spelling “fakafifine.”] Google Books: hOaGrwSRBMIC ISBN-10: 0824819330 ISBN-13: 9780824819330 Weedon, Alan. “Fa’afafine, fakaleitī, fakafifine — understanding the Pacific's alternative gender expressions” (30 August 2019). ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. [Uses the spelling “fakafifine.”] Schmidt, Johanna. “Gender Diversity” (4 May 2021). Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Government. [Uses the spelling “fiafifine.”] fiction … intersex … trans Broom, Laura. “Fiction” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 264-9. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 fierce “fierce” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 120. [Defines ‘fierce’ as “sassy, hot, fashionable. A compliment when paid to a drag queen.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 film … intersex … trans Miller, Lucy J. “Film” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 269-73. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 film, representation … intersex … trans Filo, Cindy (1969 – ) See also: fa’afafine and Miss Island Queen Pageant. Altmann, Karin and Heather Croall. Paradise Bent: Boys Will Be Girls in Samoa (1999). Directed by Heather Croall. Produced by Heather Croall, Alison Elder, and Eva Wunderman. IMDb: tt0250643 “‘I’m a woman with extras’ - Cindy of Samoa” (15 June 2008). GayNZ.com. GayNZ.com. Zagria. “Cindy Fil (1969 - ) performer.” (19 November 2008). A Gender Variance Who’s Who. Zagria. “Revealed: Cindy of Samoa’s secret (+pics)” (31 January 2009). Stuff.co.nz. Stuff Limited. “Stars finalist hits right note with boyfriend” (31 January 2009). Stuff.co.nz. Stuff Limited. Huckert, Mathias. “Cindy sets the record straight” (22 June 2016). Samoa Observer. Samoa Observer. Retimanu, Niva. Leading From Behind: Winning While Coming Last (28 March 2016). Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited. Google Books: s_WcDwAAQBAJ ISBN-10: 1775538729 ISBN-13: 9781775538721 Stünzner, Inga. “Cindy of Samoa has been quietly helping vulnerable youth for years” (5 April 2021). Pacific Beat. ABC. finger ratios See also: 2D:4D ratio. … of intersex people … of trans people … of trans men … of trans women … of nonbinary people finger ridges … of trans people … of trans men Slabbekoorn, Ditte, Stephanie H. M. van Goozen, Geoff Sanders, Louis J. G. Gooren, and Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis. “The dermatoglyphic characteristics of transsexuals: is there evidence for an organizing effect of sex hormones” (May 2000). Psychoneuroendocrinology. Vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 365-75. Received 26 March 1999. Accepted 28 August 1999. Published online 16 March 2000. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00063-3 PMID: 10725613 … of trans women … of nonbinary people Finland … intersex people in … trans people in Wickman, Jan. Transgender Politics: The Construction and Deconstruction of Binary Gender in the Finnish Transgender Community (2001). Åbo Akademis Förlag-Åbo Akademi University Press. Google Books: 7XBjAAAAMAAJ ISBN-10: 9517650787 ISBN-13: 9789517650786 Pimenoff, Veronica. “On the Care of Transsexuals in Finland” (2006). International Journal of Transgenderism. Vol. 9, No. 2. pp. 23-33. Published online 17 October 2008. DOI: 10.1300/J485v09n02_04 Repo, J. “Governing Juridical Sex: Gender Recognition and the Biopolitics of Trans Sterilization in Finland” (1 March 2019). Politics and Gender. Vol. 15, No. 1. pp. 83-106. DOI: 10.1017/S1743923X1800034X fish … in reference to the vagina and/or vulva Legman, Gershon. “The Language of Homosexuality: An American Glossary” in Sex Variants (1941). Vol. 2. Edited by George W. Henry. P. B. Hoeber, Incorporated. p. 1165. [References that fish was “[o]riginally a generic term for women or for the vulva; the reference being to the somewhat piscine odor of the female genitalia.”] Google Books: DqWGAAAAIAAJ Ellis, Albert. “fish” in The Guild Dictionary of Homosexual Terms (1965). Written by Albert Ellis. Guild Press Ltd. p. 16. [Gives the definition as “[g]eneric term for women (or the vulva); its origin being the association of the somewhat ‘fishy’ odor of the female genitalia.’”] Google Books: dcptmQEACAAJ synn...@earthlink.net. “Subject: Re: For Nicola... (enjoy, grin)” (31 May 1997). rec.misc. [Earliest known usage of ‘fish’ in relation to trans women on Usenet; however the usage (“I thought I didnt smell any fish..thats why I said her/his...<snicker>”) still refers to the vagina/vulva (presumably) of cis women.] hot k. “fish” (6 January 2004). Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary. [Gives the definition as “[a] gay man’s reference to pussy, or simply a woman’s presen[c]e.”] Eyre, Stephen L., Rebecca de Guzman, Amy A. Donovan, and Calvin Boissiere. “Hormones is not magic wands': Ethnography of a transgender scene in Oakland, California” (1 June 2004). Ethnography. Vol. 5, No. 2. p. 151. [Notes that “[w]hen we [the authors] asked about this link [between ‘fish’ and ‘women’] in interviews, we received more than one response but the most common answer related fishy smell to vaginal odor.] DOI: 10.1177/1466138104044376 JSTOR: 24047834 … in reference to women generally Legman, Gershon. “The Language of Homosexuality: An American Glossary” in Sex Variants (1941). Vol. 2. Edited by George W. Henry. P. B. Hoeber, Incorporated. p. 1165. [References that fish was “[o]riginally a generic term for women or for the vulva; the reference being to the somewhat piscine odor of the female genitalia.”] Google Books: DqWGAAAAIAAJ Ellis, Albert. “fish” in The Guild Dictionary of Homosexual Terms (1965). Written by Albert Ellis. Guild Press Ltd. p. 16. [Gives the definition as “[g]eneric term for women (or the vulva); its origin being the association of the somewhat ‘fishy’ odor of the female genitalia.’”] Google Books: dcptmQEACAAJ Stanley, Julia P. “Homosexual Slang” (Spring – Summer 1970). American Speech. Vol. 45, No. 1/2. p. 57. [Gives the definition of ‘fish’ as “Woman.”] DOI: 10.2307/455061 JSTOR: 455061 “fish” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 29. [Defines ‘fish’ as “woman (derogatory).”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 Eyre, Stephen L., Rebecca de Guzman, Amy A. Donovan, and Calvin Boissiere. “Hormones is not magic wands': Ethnography of a transgender scene in Oakland, California” (1 June 2004). Ethnography. Vol. 5, No. 2. p. 151. [The article notes that “[t]he playful term used as a general category for woman in this [transgender] community is ‘fish’.”] DOI: 10.1177/1466138104044376 JSTOR: 24047834 “Word of the Gay: ‘Fish’” (26 June 2009). Queers United. Queers United. [Defines ‘fish’ as “a derogatory term used among gay males to describe women. The term insinuates that women's private parts smell bad.”] … in reference to heterosexual and/or cisgender women Farrell, Ronald A. “The Argot of the Homosexual Subculture” (March 1972). Anthropological Linguistics. Vol. 14, No. 3. p. 102. [Gives the definition of ‘fish’ as “[a] heterosexual female.”] The Lady Chablis and Theodore Bouloukos. Hiding My Candy (1997). Simon and Schuster. p. 171. [Defines ‘fish’ as “drag-queen slang for biological females.”] Google Books: vUz03VuVhiUC ISBN-10: 0671520954 ISBN-13: 9780671520953 agentorange. “fish” (19 April 2004). Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary. [Provides the definition “term for biological women used primarily by gay men, either in a positive or derogatory way… also used by gay men to complement female looking drag queens or transgender women that appear ‘real’ or too convincing to be men.”] Eduado08F. “fish” (26 April 2009). Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary. [Gives the definition as “a term used in the gay community to describe a natural born girl.] … in reference to female sex workers … in reference to feminine gay men Legman, Gershon. “The Language of Homosexuality: An American Glossary” in Sex Variants (1941). Vol. 2. Edited by George W. Henry. P. B. Hoeber, Incorporated. p. 1165. [Says that ‘fish’ is “used among male homosexuals as a predicate nominative to refer to male homosexuality, especially of the effeminate type…”] Google Books: DqWGAAAAIAAJ Lythand. “fish” (24 April 2007). Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary. [Provides the definition as “[a] feminine (often extremely feminine) gay male.”] … in reference to passing drag queens agentorange. “fish” (19 April 2004). Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary. [Provides the definition “term for biological women used primarily by gay men, either in a positive or derogatory way… also used by gay men to complement female looking drag queens or transgender women that appear ‘real’ or too convincing to be men.”] LadyBitch. “fish” (24 June 2010). Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary. [Provides the definition: “[a] drag queen term for a drag queen who looks like a real woman”.] … in reference to passing trans women agentorange. “fish” (19 April 2004). Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary. [Provides the definition “term for biological women used primarily by gay men, either in a positive or derogatory way… also used by gay men to complement female looking drag queens or transgender women that appear ‘real’ or too convincing to be men.”] Eyre, Stephen L., Rebecca de Guzman, Amy A. Donovan, and Calvin Boissiere. “Hormones is not magic wands': Ethnography of a transgender scene in Oakland, California” (1 June 2004). Ethnography. Vol. 5, No. 2. pp. 151, 155, 157. [The article notes that “[a]ll transgenders aspire to be ‘fish’ of some sort; later a trans woman, Alexis notes that “when her partner did not want to see her penis it made her feel more ‘fishy’, like he was treating her just like ‘pussy’, like she is ‘a real girl’.”] DOI: 10.1177/1466138104044376 JSTOR: 24047834 fish queen … in reference to men who perform cunnilingus and/or cunnilinctus Legman, Gershon. “The Language of Homosexuality: An American Glossary” in Sex Variants (1941). Vol. 2. Edited by George W. Henry. P. B. Hoeber, Incorporated. p. 1165. [Notes that ‘fish-queen’ refers to “[a] man who enjoys cunnilinctus, or a homosexual (or heterosexual) male who practices it for pay.”] Google Books: DqWGAAAAIAAJ Ellis, Albert. “fish queen” in The Guild Dictionary of Homosexual Terms (1965). Written by Albert Ellis. Guild Press Ltd. p. 16. [Gives the definition as “[a] male who practices cunnilinctus; also a male homosexual (or heterosexual) who does such.”] Google Books: dcptmQEACAAJ “fish queen” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 121. [Defines ‘fish queen’ as “a person (usually heterosexual male) who likes to perform cunnilingus.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 … in reference to gay men who associate with women … in reference to heterosexual men … in reference to passing drag queens dragdude26. “Fish Queen” (15 December 2011). Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary. [Definition reads: “[a] drag queen that dresses in drag for the purpose of looking like a real wom[a]n.”] fistula Fizzlebean, Floofty Nonbinary fictional character belonging to the Grumpus species seen in the video game Bugsnax (12 November 2020). Character uses they/them pronouns and is portrayed by Casey Mongillo. See also: Mongillo, Casey. King, Melissa. “How Bugsnax became a source a wholesome queer representation” (17 February 2021). Rock Paper Shotgun. Gamer Network Limited. Stenvall, Jamie. “Are You a Boy or a Girl?”: Nonbinary Character Design in Gaming (Spring 2021). University of Skövde. B.A. Thesis. p. 4. Flores, Melody Fictional trans woman and businesswoman who appears in the video game 2064: Read Only Memories. FMT See FTM. FNG See fucking new guy. Foerster, David William (1933 – ?) See also: Jorgensen, Christine; Reynolds, Charles L. Jr. “Hospital Doctors Defend Sex Changes” (13 October 1977). The Evening Independent. p. 2-A. Scarbrough, Jerry. “Baptists Vote to Ban Sex Change Operations” (15 October 1977). Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 16-A. “Sex changes banned at Baptist hospital” (21 October 1977). Arizona Gay News. Vol. 2, No. 42. p. 1. Foerster, David William. “Transsexual Surgery” (March 1979). Annals of Plastic Surgery. Vol. 2, No. 3. p. 269. DOI: 10.1097/00000637-197903000-00019 PMID: 539758 Foerster, David W. and Charles L. Reynolds. “Construction of Natural Appearing Female Genitalia in the Male Transsexual” (September 1979). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol. 64, No. 3. pp. 306-12. DOI: 10.1097/00006534-197909000-00003 PMID: 382206 “The Nation: Sex-Switch Surgery Banned” (26 January 1981). Reading Eagle. p. 26. Foerster, David W. “Female to Male Transsexual Conversion: A 15-Year Follow-Up” (August 1983). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol. 72, No. 2. pp. 237-9. DOI: 10.1097/00006534-198308000-00024 PMID: 6683850 Edgerton, Milton T. “Female to Male Transsexual Conversion: A 15-Year Follow-Up” (August 1983). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol. 72, No. 2. p. 240. Foerster, David W. “Penile Enhancement: Another Wrong Way to Go” (January 1998). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol. 101, No. 1. pp. 244-5. PMID: 9427947 Zagria. “David William Foerster (1933 - ) and the Oklahoma Gender Identity Foundation” (5 May 2018). A Gender Variance Who’s Who. Zagria. “For Today I Am A Boy” 2005 song performed by Antony and the Johnsons, appearing on the album I Am a Bird Now. For Today I Am A Boy 2014 novel written by Kim Fu. forced feminization “forced feminization” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 123. [Defines ‘forced feminization’ as “a form of D&S roleplay where a female or transvestite top ‘forces’ a male bottom to wear female underwear and other clothing. The bottom will have either consented in advance to the roleplay, or have requested it. In some cases the bottom will be penetrated with a dildo, or fucked by another man, while the top watches and verbally controls the situation.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 France … intersex people in … trans people in Meningaud, J. P., M. A. Descamps, and C. Herve. “Sex reassignment surgery in France: analysis of the legal framework and current procedures and its consequences for transsexuals” (2000). Medicine and Law. Vol. 19, No. 4. pp. 827-37. PMID: 11289650 Murray, Ros. “Activism, affect, identification: trans documentary in France and Spain and its reception” (2014). Studies in European Cinema. Vol. 11, No. 3. pp. 170-80. Published online 14 January 2015. DOI: 10.1080/17411548.2014.972722 Allory, Emmanuel, Ellie Duval, Marion Caroff, Candan Kendir, Raphaël Magnan, Bernard Brau, Elinore Lapadu-Hargue, and Sidonie Chhor. “The expectations of transgender people in the face of their health-care access difficulties and how they can be overcome. A qualitative study in France” (16 December 2020). Primary Health Care Research & Development. Vol. 21. p. e62. Received 1 May 2020. Revised 13 September 2020. Accepted 4 November 2020. Published online 16 December 2020. DOI: 10.1017/S1463423620000638 PMCID: PMC7801925 PMID: 33323162 Baleige, Antoine, Marie de la Chenelière, Cyane Dassonneville, and Marie-Jeanne Martin. “Following ICD-11, Rebuilding Mental Health Care for Transgender Persons: Leads from Field Experimentations in Lille, France” (February 2022). Transgender Health. Vol. 7, No. 1. pp. 1-6. Published online 11 March 2021. DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2020.0143 “Freak” 2019 song performed by ZAND, appears on the eponymous single. Freckle Genderfluid character appearing in the webseries The Gay and Wondrous Life of Caleb Gallo. Portrayed by Jason Greene. Note that Jason Greene also uses the name Freckle, but this entry only covers the Freckle character in this particular webseries. See also: Greene, Jason. Salandra, Adam. “When Your Gender-Fluid Friend Gets More Attention From Straight Guys Than You” (11 October 2015). LogoTV. Viacom International Inc. Menta, Anna. “There’s a ‘Wine Country’ Easter Egg That Will Make ‘Caleb Gallo’ Fans Very Happy” (10 May 2019). Decider. NYP Holdings, Inc. Frederica (1799 – 1853) Fränkel, Hieronymus. “Homo Mollis” (1 June 1853). Medicinische Zeitung. Sr. 1, Vol. 22. Verlag von Theod. Christ. Friedr. Enslin. pp. 102-3. Bloch, Iwan. Anthropological Studies on the Strange Sexual Practices of All Races and All Ages (1933). Anthropological Press. p. 228. Google Books: YE8bAAAAYAAJ. Bullough, Vern L. “Transsexualism in history” (September 1975). Archives of Sexual Behavior. Vol. 4, No. 5. p. 567. DOI: 10.1007/bf01542134 PMID: 1103789 Freud, Sigmund (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) Fridan, Michelle friends … of intersex people … of trans people Trans-kin: A Guide for Family & Friends of Transgender People (2012). Edited by Eleanor A. Hubbard and Cameron T. Whitley. Bolder Press. Google Books: a0rPMgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 148010647X ISBN-13: 9781480106475 friendships … among intersex people … among trans people Gonzalez, Kirsten A. and Lex Pulice-Farrow. “Friendships” (9 April 2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1. Edited by Abbie E. Goldberg and Genny Beemyn. SAGE Publications. pp. 273-6. Google Books: ibcKzgEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1544393814 ISBN-13: 9781544393810 Fries, Peter (? – 1981) Wolfe, Linda. “The Transsexual, the Bartender and the Jewish American Princess” (17 January 1983). New York Magazine. pp. 30, 33. Zagria. “Two New York plastic surgeons in the 1970s” (27 September 2016). A Gender Variance Who’s Who. Zagria. frock star “frock star” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 124. [Defines ‘frock star’ as “a male rock or pop star who wears female clothing either privately, or as part of his art.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 “From Mrs. Tiresias” 1999 poem by Carol Ann Duffy appearing in The World’s Wife. See also: Tiresias. Frozen Half (Japanese: ゆきおかま) Recurring enemy in the Castlevania video game series. Described as a “[t]ransvestite ice spirit… [s]ervant of Galamoth” in Castlevania: Symphony of the Night. The “half” in “Frozen Half” refers specifically to the term “newhalf” (ニューハーフ, nyūhāfu), which is typically applied to trans women who have undergone any of various gender-affirming medical interventions. See also: nyūhāfu. fruit fly “fruit fly” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 124. [Defines ‘fruit fly’ as “a term for heterosexual women who like to socialize with gay men and drag queens.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 FT See full time. FTM See also: trans men. “Appendix A: A Glossary of Transgendered Definitions” (1999). Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. Vol. 10, No. 3-4. p. 144. Published online 16 October 2008. [Defines ‘MTF and FTM’ as “acronyms that refer, respectively to ‘male to female’ and ‘female to male’ transitions. These designations reflect which direction of transition that person has taken.”] DOI: 10.1300/J041v10n03_10 “f-t-m, ftm, F2M” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 125. [Defines ‘f-t-m’ as “an acronym for female to male, referring to a woman who either wants to cross-dress as, or become, a man. Also aftermarket, recast male, TMan, transman.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 “FTM at the DMV” 2013 song performed by Schmekel and appearing on the album The Whale That Ate Jonah. FTM Fitcon See FTM Fitness World Conference. FTM Fitness Blog started by Neo Sandja. Daley, Elizabeth. “WATCH: Men Strut in Annual Transgender Bodybuilding Contest” (10 December 2015). Advocate. Grand Editorial for Here Media. FTM Fitness World See also: FTM Fitness World Conference. Kelly, Murray. “Starting the world’s only transgender bodybuilding competition” (10 December 2015). CNN. Cable News Network. FTM Fitness World Conference Saunders, Patrick. “Trans bodybuilders to compete at Atlanta’s FTM Fitness World Annual Conference” (1 October 2015). Georgia Voice. The Georgia Voice. Daley, Elizabeth. “WATCH: Men Strut in Annual Transgender Bodybuilding Contest” (10 December 2015). Advocate. Grand Editorial for Here Media. Hudson, Alex. “World’s first transgender bodybuilding contest takes place” (10 December 2015). Metro. Associated Newspapers Limited. Kelly, Murray. “Starting the world’s only transgender bodybuilding competition” (10 December 2015). CNN. Cable News Network. FTM Foundation FTM International FTM London “INDEX London Section Listing PLUS” (2006). Transgender A to Z.com: The Book. Edited by Vicky Lee. WayOut Publishing Co Ltd. pp. 249-73. [On page 254 FTM London is mentioned briefly as a “support group for female to male transsexuals”.] Google Books: sv3CAAAACAAJ FTV See transvestites / female transvestites. fucking new guy Abbreviated “FNG.” “FNG” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 122. [Notes that ‘FNG’ is “used to refer to a f-t-m transsexual who joins a support group and immediately starts to assert his opinions and take charge.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619 Fucking Trans Women See also: sexuality / among trans people / among trans women. Bellwether, Mira. Fucking Trans Women (24 August 2013). Edited by Mira Bellwether. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Google Books: oynAngEACAAJ ISBN-10: 1492128937 ISBN-13: 9781492128939 Fujino, Chiya (Japanese: 藤野 千夜; 27 February 1962 – ) Ashby, Janet. “Heavy and light in minority fiction” (3 March 2000). The Japan Times. The Japan Times LTD. Zagria. “Chiya Fujino (1962 - ) novelist.” (15 March 2010). A Gender Variance Who’s Who. Zagria. Kastel. “The Quiet Revolutions of Contemporary Japanese Queer Novels” (27 September 2017). Anime Feminist. Anime Feminist, LLC. 瀧井, 朝世. “スカートをはいて出社し、解雇されるまでの内なる戦い──「作家と90分」藤野千夜(後篇)” (27 January 2018). 文春. ABJ. Fujioka, Haruhi (Japanese: 藤岡 ハルヒ) Protagonist of the manga and anime series Ouran High School Host Club. Sivers, Julian James. “What Ouran High School Host Club Taught Me About Gender, Rape Culture, and Myself” (13 May 2019). Medium. A Medium Corporation. Hartlep, Lili. “‘It’s what’s on the inside that counts’: How Haruhi Fujioka helped me embrace being genderfluid” (15 June 2021). GAY TIMES. GAY TIMES Group. Fujioka, Ryogi (Japanese: 藤岡 涼二) Father of protagonist Haruhi Fujioka in the manga and anime series Ouran High School Host Club. Goulene, Angela. “Ouran High School Host Club’s Ryoji Was a Groundbreaking LGBTQ Parent” (21 June 2020). CBR. www.cbr.com. full time “full time/part time” in Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang (2002). Written by Paul Baker. Continuum. p. 126. [Notes that the terms refer to “the extent to which a cross-dresser lives in his or her desired gender role.”] Google Books: U6kdAQAAIAAJ ISBN-10: 0826459617 ISBN-13: 9780826459619