The Role of Sex and Gender in Transgender Bone and Other Musculoskeletal Health (Q29977)

abstract

Musculoskeletal changes occur with gender-affirming hormonal therapy (GAHT) and gender-affirming surgery (GAS) used in the care of transgender adolescents and adults. (English)

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2024

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Survey results have shown that orthopaedic surgeons desire to care for transgender individuals but express concern over a knowledge deficit. (English)

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2024

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This article reviews the physiology and pathophysiology that may occur with GAHT and GAS. (English)

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2024

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Transgender women have lower bone mineral density (BMD) prior to GAHT than cisgender men. (English)

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2024

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Limited fracture data would suggest that transgender women >50 years of age have fracture rates similar to those of cisgender women. (English)

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2024

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Transgender men have normal BMD prior to GAHT and are not at an increased risk for fracture compared with cisgender women. (English)

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2024

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The use of puberty-blocking medications in the care of transgender youth does result in a decline in BMD, which returns to baseline with GAHT, but the effect of delaying puberty on maximal BMD and the lifetime fracture risk are unknown. (English)

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2024

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At present, dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is used to measure BMD and assess fracture risk. (English)

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2024

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Attention should be paid to using the appropriate reference group in the interpretation of DXA for transgender individuals. (English)

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2024

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Promote musculoskeletal health by ensuring appropriate calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing activity, and a healthy lifestyle. (English)

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2024

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Adherence to GAHT needs to be encouraged to avoid bone loss. (English)

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2024

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Data with regard to therapy for osteoporosis in transgender patients have been lacking, but, at present, use of available therapies is expected to be effective. (English)

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2024

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Information with regard to differences in other musculoskeletal health issues such as joint injuries has been lacking in transgender individuals. (English)

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2024

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date published

21 August 2024

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University of Kansas Medical Center

date issued

21 August 2024

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Leland (English)

Graves (English)

L

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Barbara P (English)

Lukert (English)

BP

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106

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issue

16

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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume)

published in

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gender-affirming procedure

qualifier major topic

false

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gender-affirming surgery

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qualifier major topic

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1507-1511

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page start

1507

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page end

1511

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United States National Library of Medicine

available in database

16 September 2024

citation medium

internet

date data processing ended

21 August 2024

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conflict-of-interest statement

DOI

10.2106/JBJS.24.00119

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10.2106/JBJS.24.00119

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PubMed ID

39167064

version identifier

1

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21 August 2024

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Disclosure: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R13AR082710. (English)

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The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. (English)

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The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (http://links.lww.com/JBJS/I92). (English)

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